While the term “Ex Works” signifies the seller’s minimum obligation, the term “Delivered/Duty Paid,” when followed by words naming the buyer’s premises, denotes the other extreme – the seller’s maximum obligation. The term may be used irrespective of the mode of transport. If the parties wish that the seller should clear the goods for import but that some of the cost payable upon the import of the goods should be excluded – such as value-added tax (VAT) and/or other similar taxes. This should be made clear by adding words to this effect (e.g., “exclusive of VAT and/or taxes”).
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